Adenomyosis, also known as internal endometriosis, is a uterine condition in which tissue from the inner layer of the uterus (endometrium) is found in the muscular layer of the uterus (myometrium).
The exact cause of adenomyosis is not known, but most cases resolve when the woman reaches the end of the reproductive stage, i.e., menopause.
This uterine disorder may increase a woman's risk of infertility. Therefore, the treatment of adenomyosis will depend on whether or not the woman wants to get pregnant, although the symptoms will also be taken into account.
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Definition of Endometrium and Myometrium
To understand what adenomyosis is, it is important to know that the uterus consists of two layers.
The endometrium is the innermost layer of this organ and covers the surface of the uterine cavity. This layer is highly vascularized (that is, it has many blood vessels), because it is the part that prepares each menstrual cycle for the embryo to implant and forms the placenta in the event of a pregnancy. If there’s no embryo implantation, the endometrium is shed and causes menstruation.
The myometrium, on the other hand, is the muscular layer of the uterus and is responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth. This layer is closely related to the endometrium but must be well defined to avoid possible problems.
What is internal endometriosis?
Internal endometriosis or adenomyosis is the presence of endometrial tissue in the myometrium. Sometimes this tissue can cause a mass or tumor inside the uterus, which is called adenomyoma.
There are two types of adenomyosis:
- Focal or localized adenomyosis
- with adenomyomas, also called Cullen's adenomyosis.
- Diffuse Adenomyosis
- distributed over much of the myometrium, which causes the uterus to increase in size. This is the most common form of adenomyosis.
Depending on the location of the endometrial tissue in the myometrium, we also distinguish between superficial and deep adenomyosis.
This disease is more common in women in their 40s and 50s who have been mothers, but it can also occur in younger patients without children.
Causes
The causes of this uterine disease are not yet clearly known. All types of adenomyosis have in common that the barrier between the endometrium and myometrium can be broken.
Some theories also argue that it is attributed to alterations in the embryonic development of the woman's reproductive system.
By contrast, the most current theories to explain the origin of adenomyosis are based on the invasion of the myometrium by bone marrow stem cells.
Risk Factors
Regardless of the origin of adenomyosis, what is clear is that this uterine condition is estrogen-dependent. Some of the factors that predispose a woman to develop adenomyosis are as follows:
- Previous uterine surgeries, such as cesarean sections, curettages, hysteroscopies, etc.
- Multiple births.
- Women of reproductive age and especially women between 40-50 years old.
In any case, the main risk factor for adenomyosis is multiparity.
Symptoms
About two-thirds of women with adenomyosis have some type of symptom. The most common clinical manifestations are listed below:
- Menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea).
- Menstrual periods that are too long or too heavy (menorrhagia).
- Pain during sex (dyspareunia).
- Non-menstrual related bleeding (metrorrhagia).
- Anemia caused by heavy bleeding.
- Lower back pain.
All these symptoms and discomfort described above depend on the levels of estrogen in the body. For this reason, when the woman reaches the menopausal stage she will no longer notice these discomforts associated with adenomyosis.
Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis of this pathology is difficult because its symptoms are non-specific and it often coexists with other pelvic diseases. This has resulted in under-diagnosis until recently.
Thanks to the technical improvement of ultrasound devices and a greater awareness of their existence by specialists, more and better diagnoses are being made nowadays.
In addition to taking into account the patient's medical history, specialists often request different tests to reach a diagnosis of adenomyosis:
- Pelvic exam: To detect if the uterus is enlarged.
- Transvaginal ultrasound: it is cheap, simple and painless. This test provides useful information for detecting adenomyosis.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): may be useful when we do not have enough information obtained through ultrasound, which occurs mostly in patients with fibroids.
In addition, there are other diagnostic methods that are less common, but which can provide highly valid information for the diagnosis of adenomyosis. This is the case with hysteroscopy, hysterosalpingography, and endometrial biopsy.
However, the only technique that allows a definitive and safe diagnosis of adenomyosis is the histopathological study of the uterus after a hysterectomy (partial or total removal of the uterus), but this is not usually done.
Treatment
Treatment for adenomyosis should be individualized and will depend mainly on the severity of the symptoms (mild, moderate, severe), desire to get pregant and the patient’s age.
At first, priority is given to relief symptoms through pharmacological methods. For this purpose, following drugs will be administered:
- Analgesics (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
- Hormonal contraceptives.
- Danazol (antiestrogens).
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues.
In most patients, these treatments are enough to end the symptoms of the disease. However, many of them are incompatible with pregnancy.
If pharmacological methods fail or the patient wants to get pregnant, depending on the size and extent of the lesions, surgical treatment may be indicated. This therapeutic option consists of removing the adenomyosis tissue and reconstructing the uterine wall.
If symptoms do not disappear with these methods, the only treatment that is totally effective in ending deep adenomyosis is to surgically remove the uterus (hysterectomy). Before making this decision, it will be necessary to assess if the patient intends to get pregnant and whether menopause is near since as we have mentioned, the symptoms disappear after menopause.
Effects on fertility
Adenomyosis can have a negative effect on fertility, as some studies have shown that it decreases pregnancy rates and increases miscarriage rates. Implantation failures are also more common in women with adenomyosis. The reasons or mechanisms for this are not known, but some reasons have been discussed:
- Altered genetic regulation.
- Alteration of uterine movements (peristalsis).
- Alteration of endometrial receptivity and implantation.
In addition, adenomyosis can also make it difficult to transport the gametes, which is necessary for them to meet and fertilize. This uterine condition can also affect the transport of the embryo to the site of implantation and complicate the arrival of nutrients and oxygen
Adenomyosis and pregnancy
In vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments can address some of these limitations and help patients with adenomyosis achieve pregnancy. Generally speaking adenomosis does not affect IVF success rates.
In cases where a hysterectomy has been chosen and the woman wants to become a mother, she may resort to adoption or surrogacy.
If you need to undergo IVF to become a mother, we recommend that you generate your Fertility Report now. In 3 simple steps, it will show you a list of clinics that fit your preferences and meet our strict quality criteria. Moreover, you will receive a report via email with useful tips to visit a fertility clinic for the first time.
You can find more information about IVF at the following link: What Is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)? - Process, Cost & Success Rates.
FAQs from users
Can obesity influence adenomyosis?
Adenomyosis, also known as internal endometriosis, is a uterine condition in which there is tissue from the inner layer of the uterus (endometrium) in the muscular layer of the uterus (myometrium). The causes of this condition are not clearly known, although it is known to be estrogen-dependent and, among the factors that predispose it to develop, we find having had at least one pregnancy and previous uterine surgeries (cesarean sections, curettage, hysteroscopies, etc.).
It is also very much related to age, especially after 40 years of age. That is why in some cases it is colloquially called uterine aging.
Certain adenomioses are only detected by special techniques such as a 4D ultrasound or a magnetic resonance imaging. For mild cases, there are very few treatments with apparent effectiveness and it is not fully demonstrated that they have a negative effect on patients' pregnancy rates. However, severe cases such as T-uteruses require corrective surgery through hysteroscopy.
Does adenomyosis produce cancer?
No evidence has been found that adenomyosis causes cancer. However, some symptoms of adenomyosis may be linked to some cancers, such as uterine bleeding.
Can women who haven't had children have adenomyosis?
This disorder is more common in women aged 40-50 who have already given birth, but it can also occur in younger women who have not yet become mothers.
Can I become egg donor if I have adenomyosis?
Each case has to be assessed individually. It must be taken into account that some of the symptomatic treatments for adenomyosis are hormonal and can complicate obtaining the eggs.
You'll find more information about the egg donation process here: How can I become an egg donor?
Is adenomyosis inherited?
No. Adenomyosis is not inherited. The exact possible cause of this condition is not known, but it is known that any woman of reproductive age and menstruation can develop adenomyosis.
Is uterine myoma (fibroids) the same as adenomyosis?
No. In the case of uterine myomatosis, fibroids, that is, tumors of muscle tissue, form. Adenomyosis, on the other hand, is the presence of endometrial tissue in the myometrium. They only coincide in location: the myometrium, the muscular layer of the uterus.
Is endometriosis the same as adenomyosis?
Both pathologies consist of the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue, that is, outside its physiological location: the endometrium.
However, a distinction must be made between internal endometriosis or adenomyosis and external endometriosis. In the former, the endometrial tissue is found in the myometrium. In the second, it can appear in any organ of the body other than the uterus.
Generally, when we refer only to endometriosis, we are talking about external endometriosis.
On the other hand, it is also important to note that, although they are not exactly the same pathology, some women can present both at the same time.
At what age is adenomyosis most common?
Adenomyosis is a condition that can appear in women at any age within the reproductive stage. However, this pathology is not usually frequent in women who have reached menopause.
In addition, adenomyosis is more common among women who have already been pregnant and have given birth.
Suggested for you
Adenomyosis is classified as a uterine disorder that may affect fertility. In this article you will find more information about this type of pathology and its influence on sterility: Uterine Factor female infertility.
If you want to know more about fibroids, we recommend you follow this link: What are fibroids?
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References
Cunningham R, Horrow M, Smith R, Springer J. Adenomyosis: A Sonographic Diagnosis. Radiographics. Sep-Oct 2018;38(5):1576-1589. doi: 10.1148/rg.2018180080.
Harada T, Khine YM, Kaponis A, Nikellis T, Decavalas G, Taniguchi F. The Impact of Adenomyosis on Women's Fertility. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2016 Sep;71(9):557-68. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000346.
Lacheta J. Uterine adenomyosis: pathogenesis, diagnostics, symptomatology and treatment. Ceska Gynekol. Spring 2019;84(3):240-246.
Osada H. Uterine adenomyosis and adenomyoma: the surgical approach. Fertil Steril. 2018 Mar;109(3):406-417. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.01.032.
Pontis A, D'Alterio MN, Pirarba S, Angelis C, Tinelli R, Angioni S. Adenomyosis: a systematic review of medical treatment. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2016 Sep;32(9):696-700. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2016.1197200.
Struble J, Reid S, A Bedaiwy M. Adenomyosis: A Clinical Review of a Challenging Gynecologic Condition. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2016 Feb 1;23(2):164-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jmig.2015.09.018.
Vannuccini S, Petraglia F. Recent advances in understanding and managing adenomyosis. F1000Res. 2019 Mar 13;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-283. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.17242.1.
FAQs from users: 'Can obesity influence adenomyosis?', 'Does adenomyosis produce cancer?', 'Can women who haven't had children have adenomyosis?', 'Can I become egg donor if I have adenomyosis?', 'Is adenomyosis inherited?', 'Is uterine myoma (fibroids) the same as adenomyosis?', 'Is endometriosis the same as adenomyosis?' and 'At what age is adenomyosis most common?'.
I have adenomyosis and my doctor prescribed me the pill. Since then, my symptoms have become easier. I hope the pill does agree with my body in the long term.
Do I get this right then? Endometriosis is a type of adenomyosis?
Hi Aileen,
no, endometriosis is not a type of adenomyosis. Although both pathologies are characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in areas where it should not be, in the case of endometriosis the endometrial tissue is found outside the entire uterine cavity (ovaries, tubes, rectum, etc.) while in the case of adenomyosis the endometrial tissue is found in the myometrium, the internal muscular layer of the uterus.
Best regards
What type of fertility treatment do you need for this disorder?
I was diagnosed with adenomyosis but now I’m worried that this could develop into cancer. What am I supposed to do? Should I get surgery?
Hello Alexa,
fortunately, adenomyosis does not develop into cancer so there is no need to worry.
Best regards